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<title>Automatic programming</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Automatic programming</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <b>automatic programming</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> in which some mechanism generates a <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a>, to allow human <a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">programmers</a> to write the code at a higher abstraction level.

</p><p>There has been little agreement on the precise definition of automatic programming, mostly because its meaning has changed over time. <a href="David_Parnas" title="David Parnas">David Parnas</a>, tracing the history of "automatic programming" in published research, noted that in the 1940s it described automation of the manual process of punching <a href="Paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper tape">paper tape</a>. Later it referred to translation of <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming languages</a> like <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> and <a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>. In fact, one of the earliest programs identifiable as a <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> was called <a href="Autocode" title="Autocode">Autocode</a>. <a href="David_Parnas" title="David Parnas">Parnas</a> concluded that "automatic programming has always been a <a href="Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for programming in a higher-level language than was then available to the programmer."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Program_synthesis" title="Program synthesis">Program synthesis</a> is one type of automatic programming where a procedure is created from scratch, based on mathematical requirements.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div>

<p><a href="Milly_Koss" title="Milly Koss">Mildred Koss</a>, an early <a href="UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a> programmer, explains: "Writing machine code involved several tedious steps—breaking down a process into discrete instructions, assigning specific memory locations to all the commands, and managing the I/O buffers. After following these steps to implement mathematical routines, a sub-routine library, and sorting programs, our task was to look at the larger programming process. We needed to understand how we might reuse tested code and have the machine help in programming. As we programmed, we examined the process and tried to think of ways to abstract these steps to incorporate them into higher-level language. This led to the development of interpreters, assemblers, compilers, and generators—programs designed to operate on or produce other programs, that is, <i>automatic programming</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generative_programming">Generative programming</h2></div>

<p><b>Generative programming</b> and the related term <a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">meta-programming</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are concepts whereby programs can be written "to manufacture software components in an automated way"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as automation has improved "production of traditional commodities such as garments, automobiles, chemicals, and electronics."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The goal is to improve <a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a> productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often related to code-reuse topics such as <a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">component-based software engineering</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source-code_generation">Source-code generation</h2></div>

<p><i>Source-code generation</i> is the process of generating source code based on a description of the problem<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an <a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontological</a> model such as a template and is accomplished with a <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">programming tool</a> such as a <a href="Template_processor" title="Template processor">template processor</a> or an <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE). These tools allow the generation of <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> through any of various means.

</p><p>Modern programming languages are well supported by tools like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.json4swift.com/">Json4Swift</a> (<a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.json2kotlin.com/">Json2Kotlin</a> (<a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>).

</p><p>Programs that could generate <a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> code include:

</p>

<ul><li>the DYL250/DYL260/DYL270/DYL280 series<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Business_Controls_Corporation" title="Business Controls Corporation">Business Controls Corporation</a>'s SB-5</li>

<li><a href="KPMG" title="KPMG">Peat Marwick Mitchell</a>'s PMM2170 application-program-generator package</li></ul>

<p>These application generators supported COBOL inserts and overrides.

</p><p>A <a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> processor, such as the <a href="C_preprocessor" title="C preprocessor">C preprocessor</a>, which replaces patterns in source code according to relatively simple rules, is a simple form of source-code generator. <a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Source-to-source</a> code generation tools also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language models</a> such as <a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> are capable of generating a program's source code from a description of the program given in a natural language.<sup id="cite_ref-ChatGPT_can_write_code_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChatGPT_can_write_code-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many <a href="Relational_database_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database system">relational database systems</a> provide a function that will export the content of the database as <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> <a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">data definition</a> queries, which may then be executed to re-import the tables and their data, or migrate them to another RDBMS.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Low-code_applications">Low-code applications</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Low-code_development_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-code development platforms">Low-code development platforms</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Low-code_development_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-code development platforms">low-code development platform</a> (LCDP) is software that provides an environment <a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">programmers</a> use to create <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> through <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> and configuration instead of traditional <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_bug_fixing" title="Automatic bug fixing">Automatic bug fixing</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_machine_learning" title="Automated machine learning">Automated machine learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_code_generation_tools" title="Comparison of code generation tools">Comparison of code generation tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature-oriented_programming" title="Feature-oriented programming">Feature-oriented programming</a></li>

<li><a href="GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li>

<li><a href="AI-assisted_software_development" title="AI-assisted software development">AI-assisted software development</a></li>

<li><a href="Language-oriented_programming" title="Language-oriented programming">Language-oriented programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_transformation" title="Program transformation">Program transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_translation" title="Semantic translation">Semantic translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocabulary-based_transformation" title="Vocabulary-based transformation">Vocabulary-based transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">Fourth-generation programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-code_development_platform" title="Low-code development platform">Low-code development platforms</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergent_Coding" title="Emergent Coding">Emergent Coding</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricardo Aler Mur, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evannai.inf.uc3m.es/et/icml06/aiptutorial.htm">Automatic Inductive Programming</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073124/http://www.evannai.inf.uc3m.es/et/icml06/aiptutorial.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>ICML 2006 Tutorial</i>. June 2006.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. L. Parnas. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs99r/readings/parnas1.pdf">Software Aspects of Strategic Defense Systems</a>." <i>American Scientist</i>. November 1985.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chun, Wendy. "On Software, or the Persistence of Visual Knowledge." Grey Room 18. Boston: 2004, pg. 30.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scala-lms.github.io/tutorials/01_overview.html">"About Generative Programming"</a>. <q>Generative programming, as a subdomain of meta-programming, describes the practice of writing programs that generate other programs as part of their execution.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFP._Cointe2005" class="citation book cs1">P. Cointe (2005). "Towards Generative Programming". <i>Unconventional Programming Paradigms</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3566. pp. <span class="nowrap">315–</span>325. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11527800_24">10.1007/11527800_24</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-27884-9</bdi>. <q>Generative Programming (GP) is an attempt to manufacture software components in an automated way by developing programs that synthesize other programs.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigplan.org/Conferences/GPCE">"Generative Programming: Concepts and Experiences (GPCE)"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A conference of <a href="SIGPLAN" title="SIGPLAN">SIGPLAN</a> on

this topic is planned for November 2018. Earlier/1970s attempts in this area included <a href="Yacc" title="Yacc">Yacc</a>

and the related Lex programs.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Wilcox, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edgewatertech.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/paying-too-much-for-custom-application-implementation-code-generation/">Paying Too Much for Custom Application Development</a>", March 2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/37909/application-generator">"Application generator"</a>. PCmag.com. <q>Software that generates application programs from descriptions of the problem rather than by traditional programming. It is at a higher level and easier to use than a high-level programming language such as ...</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730111004/http://www.sysed.com/DnLoads/RefCards/DYL280.pdf">"DYL-280 Command Syntax"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sysed.com/DnLoads/RefCards/DYL280.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noaje, Gabriel, Christophe Jaillet, and Michaël Krajecki. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ponnuswamy_Sadayappan/publication/221302775_Automatic_C-to-CUDA_Code_Generation_for_Affine_Programs/links/09e4150e7f97085734000000/Automatic-C-to-CUDA-Code-Generation-for-Affine-Programs.pdf">Source-to-source code translator: OpenMP C to CUDA</a>". High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC), 2011 IEEE 13th International Conference on. IEEE, 2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quinlan, Dan, and Chunhua Liao. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chunhua_Liao/publication/267861836_The_ROSE_Source-to-Source_Compiler_Infrastructure/links/5465a8120cf2f5eb17ff4238.pdf">The ROSE source-to-source compiler infrastructure</a>". Cetus users and compiler infrastructure workshop, in conjunction with PACT. Vol. 2011. 2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ChatGPT_can_write_code-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChatGPT_can_write_code_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTung2023" class="citation web cs1">Tung, Liam (January 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/chatgpt-can-write-code-now-researchers-say-its-good-at-fixing-bugs-too/">"ChatGPT can write code. Now researchers say it's good at fixing bugs, too"</a>. <i>ZDNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051252/https://www.zdnet.com/article/chatgpt-can-write-code-now-researchers-say-its-good-at-fixing-bugs-too/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Generative Programming: Methods, Tools, and Applications</i> by Krzysztof Czarnecki and Ulrich W. Eisenecker, Addison Wesley, 2000.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodsandtools.com/archive/archive.php?id=86">Code Generation for Dummies</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Programming_paradigms_(Comparison_by_language)368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigms</a> (<a href="Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">Comparison by language</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jackson_structured_programming" title="Jackson structured programming">Jackson structures</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">Block-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">Modular</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-structured_programming" title="Non-structured programming">Non-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small" title="Programming in the large and programming in the small">Programming in the large and in the small</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">Design by contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Invariant-based_programming" title="Invariant-based programming">Invariant-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Nested_function" title="Nested function">Nested function</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)">comparison</a>, <a href="List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages" title="List of object-oriented programming languages">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Class-based_programming" title="Class-based programming">Class-based</a>, <a href="Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">Prototype-based</a>, <a href="Object-based_language" title="Object-based language">Object-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">Agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Immutable object</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_programming_language" title="Persistent programming language">Persistent</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_function_call_syntax" title="Uniform function call syntax">Uniform function call syntax</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_functional_programming_languages" title="Comparison of functional programming languages">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous function</a> (<a href="Partial_application" title="Partial application">Partial application</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Higher-order_programming" title="Higher-order programming">Higher-order</a></li>

<li><a href="Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">Purely functional</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_functional_programming" title="Total functional programming">Total</a></li>

<li><a href="Strict_programming_language" title="Strict programming language">Strict</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_algebraic_data_type" title="Generalized algebraic data type">GADTs</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">Dependent types</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_logic_programming" title="Functional logic programming">Functional logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">Point-free style</a></li>

<li><a href="Expression-oriented_programming_language" title="Expression-oriented programming language">Expression-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Applicative_programming_language" title="Applicative programming language">Applicative</a>, <a href="Concatenative_programming_language" title="Concatenative programming language">Concatenative</a></li>

<li><a href="Function-level_programming" title="Function-level programming">Function-level</a>, <a href="Value-level_programming" title="Value-level programming">Value-level</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flow-based_programming" title="Flow-based programming">Flow-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactive_programming" title="Reactive programming">Reactive</a> (<a href="Functional_reactive_programming" title="Functional reactive programming">Functional reactive</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Signal_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal programming">Signals</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Streams</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_programming_language" title="Synchronous programming language">Synchronous</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abductive_logic_programming" title="Abductive logic programming">Abductive logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Answer_set_programming" title="Answer set programming">Answer set</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint</a> (<a href="Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Inductive_logic_programming" title="Inductive logic programming">Inductive logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondeterministic_programming" title="Nondeterministic programming">Nondeterministic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_logic_programming" title="Probabilistic logic programming">Probabilistic logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">DSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_modeling_language" title="Algebraic modeling language">Algebraic modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array</a></li>

<li><a href="Automata-based_programming" title="Automata-based programming">Automata-based</a> (<a href="Action_language" title="Action language">Action</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Command_language" title="Command language">Command</a> (<a href="Spacecraft_command_language" title="Spacecraft command language">Spacecraft</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable</a></li>

<li><a href="Grammar-oriented_programming" title="Grammar-oriented programming">Grammar-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">Interface description</a></li>

<li><a href="Language-oriented_programming" title="Language-oriented programming">Language-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">List comprehension</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural-language_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural-language programming">Natural language</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Page_description_language" title="Page description language">Page description</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">Pipes</a> and <a href="Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">filters</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_programming" title="Probabilistic programming">Probabilistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_programming_language" title="Scientific programming language">Scientific</a></li>

<li><a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_theoretic_programming" title="Set theoretic programming">Set-theoretic</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulation_language" title="Simulation language">Simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">Stack-based</a></li>

<li><a href="System_programming_language" title="System programming language">System</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_programming_language" title="Tactile programming language">Tactile</a></li>

<li><a href="Template_processor" title="Template processor">Templating</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation</a> (<a href="Graph_rewriting" title="Graph rewriting">Graph rewriting</a>, <a href="Production_system_(computer_science)" title="Production system (computer science)">Production</a>, <a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a>,<br><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>,<br><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_mutual_exclusion" title="Automatic mutual exclusion">Automatic mutual exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Choreographic_programming" title="Choreographic programming">Choreographic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_logic_programming" title="Concurrent logic programming">Concurrent logic</a> (<a href="Concurrent_constraint_logic_programming" title="Concurrent constraint logic programming">Concurrent constraint logic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_object-oriented_programming" title="Concurrent object-oriented programming">Concurrent OO</a></li>

<li><a href="Macroprogramming" title="Macroprogramming">Macroprogramming</a></li>

<li><a href="Multitier_programming" title="Multitier programming">Multitier programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_computing" title="Organic computing">Organic computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Parallel programming models</a></li>

<li><a href="Partitioned_global_address_space" title="Partitioned global address space">Partitioned global address space</a></li>

<li><a href="Process-oriented_programming" title="Process-oriented programming">Process-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Relativistic_programming" title="Relativistic programming">Relativistic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_programming" title="Service-oriented programming">Service-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_concurrency" title="Structured concurrency">Structured concurrency</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">Metaprogramming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attribute-oriented_programming" title="Attribute-oriented programming">Attribute-oriented</a></li>

<li> (<a href="Inductive_programming" title="Inductive programming">Inductive</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">Extensible</a></li>

<li><a href="Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a></li>

<li><a href="Homoiconicity" title="Homoiconicity">Homoiconicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_programming" title="Interactive programming">Interactive</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a> (<a href="Hygienic_macro" title="Hygienic macro">Hygienic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Metalinguistic_abstraction" title="Metalinguistic abstraction">Metalinguistic abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-stage_programming" title="Multi-stage programming">Multi-stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_synthesis" title="Program synthesis">Program synthesis</a> (<a href="Bayesian_program_synthesis" title="Bayesian program synthesis">Bayesian</a>, <a href="Inferential_programming" title="Inferential programming">Inferential</a>, <a href="Programming_by_demonstration" title="Programming by demonstration">by demonstration</a>, <a href="Programming_by_example" title="Programming by example">by example</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">Reflective</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">Self-modifying code</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_programming" title="Symbolic programming">Symbolic</a></li>

<li><a href="Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">Separation<br>of concerns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspects</a></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Components</a></li>

<li><a href="Data-driven_programming" title="Data-driven programming">Data-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Data-oriented_design" title="Data-oriented design">Data-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">Event-driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature-oriented_programming" title="Feature-oriented programming">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="Literate_programming" title="Literate programming">Literate</a></li>

<li><a href="Role-oriented_programming" title="Role-oriented programming">Roles</a></li>

<li><a href="Subject-oriented_programming" title="Subject-oriented programming">Subjects</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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